The length and width of the body, glans, and crura of the clitoris were measured. Unembalmed female cadavers were examined. To further characterize the anatomy, histology, and nerve density of the clitoris and associated structures, and to provide clinical correlations to vulvar surgery.
Policy makers could target improving housing quality as a means of potentially reducing asthma disparities.Ī precise understanding of structures comprising the female external genitalia is essential in obstetric and gynecologic practice. Poor housing quality in particular is strongly associated with asthma morbidity. Observed racial disparities in pediatric asthma are lessened after controlling for material hardship. Home ownership was associated with a lower odds of asthma-related ED visits (AOR, 0.62 95% CI, 0.46–0.84). Poor housing quality was independently associated with asthma diagnosis (AOR, 1.45 95% CI, 1.28–1.66) and ED visits (AOR, 1.59 95% CI, 1.21–2.10).
The race–asthma association was decreased but not eliminated after adjusting for material hardship and home ownership (ED visit adjusted odds ratio, 2.07 95% CI, 1.50–2.86). Non-Hispanic black heads of household had a higher odds of having a child diagnosed with asthma in the home compared with non-Hispanic white heads of household (odds ratio, 1.72 95% confidence interval, 1.50–1.96), and a higher odds of ED visits for asthma (odds ratio, 3.02 95% CI, 2.29–3.99). We used logistic regression to determine the association between race, material hardship, and asthma diagnosis or ED visits, adjusting for potential confounders. Material hardship included poor housing quality, housing crowding, lack of amenities, and no vehicle access. A total of 33,201 households with children age 6 to 17 years were surveyed regarding childhood asthma diagnosis and emergency department (ED) visits for asthma (for the youngest child with asthma in the household). We performed a secondary analysis of the 2011 American Housing Survey. We sought to determine if racial disparities in pediatric asthma are explained by material hardship and home ownership. Vistas nuestras limitaciones actuales, entender el asma y diseñar estrategias terapéuticas personalizadas para cada paciente exige pensar en medicina de sistemas. El punto de partida pasa por abandonar la idea del asma como enfermedad exclusiva de la vía aérea considerando que en su patogenia participa todo el pulmón y, aún más, que posiblemente se trate, al menos en parte, de un proceso sistémico. Hoy el reto principal es comprender la necesidad del cambio de enfoque. La aplicación de la biología de sistemas al asma comienza a dar ya los primeros pasos. La biología de sistemas es una estrategia analítica transdisciplinar que, a partir de los datos generados por las ciencias ómicas, permite relacionar los elementos de un organismo o sistema biológico, comprender las propiedades emergentes del mismo y generar modelos matemáticos capaces de predecir su comportamiento dinámico. Para superar esta limitación surge la medicina orientada hacia sistemas basada en la aplicación de los conceptos y herramientas de la biología de sistemas. Ese modelo sigue aportando respuestas a las preguntas teóricas y prácticas que las enfermedades plantean pero no nos ofrece una visión completa de su complejidad y multidimensionalidad. In view of our current limitations, to understand asthma and design personalised treatment strategies for each patient, requires thinking of systems medicine.Īl igual que sucede con el resto de la patología, el estudio del asma se ha venido realizando tradicionalmente desde los postulados marcados por la ciencia reduccionista.
The starting point is to abandon the idea that asthma is exclusively an airways disease and considering that the whole lung is involved and, even more, the possibility that it is, at least in part, a systemic process. The main challenge today is to understand the need to change focus. The application of biological systems to asthma starts is starting to make ground. Biological systems is a cross-disciplinary strategy which, from the data generated by the “-omic” sciences, helps to relate the elements of an organism or biological system, to understand the properties arising from the same and to generate mathematical models capable of predicting their dynamic behaviour. To overcome this limitation has emerged medicine directed towards systems based on the application of biological systems concepts and tools. That model still provides answers to theoretical and practical questions that establish diseases, but does not offer us a complete view of their complexity and multidimensionality. As happens with the rest of pathology, the study of asthma has been traditionally conducted from postulates set by reductionist science.
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